The ivory in the sacrificial pit
Large mask unearthed scene (data picture)
Eye mask
Golden Staff
Bronze Dali People
Bronze God Tree
The archaeological discovery of Sanxingdui 85 years ago revealed the mystery of the ancient Shu Kingdom. In January 2013, a single building site next to the Yin Ruins appeared in front of the archaeologists of Sanxingdui. The “Ancient Palace†appeared. News that more than 30 domestic archaeologists gathered in Sanxingdui and conducted site surveys. After a year passed, the Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology disclosed on February 26 this year that after careful research and research, archaeologists speculated that this was the location of the “Palace Zone†of the Sanxingdui Kingdom.
In the spring of 1929, Yan Daocheng, a peasant from Sanxingdui Village, Guanghan, Sichuan province, discovered by chance an unveiled mysterious veil that shocked the archaeological world of Sanxingdui. In 1986, two large sacrificial pits discovered near the Sanxingdui mound were opened. The gates of the "Treasures" of the Kingdom of Gulin. The unearthed artifacts in the two pits filled the blank of Chinese bronze art and were hailed as the ninth largest miracle in the world. They were called by the domestic and foreign media as “the most striking archaeological discovery in the world†and “are more important than the famous Chinese terracotta warriors.†The same as that."
After years of hard work by archeologists, the site of the Sanxingdui City, with an area of ​​approximately 35,000 square kilometers and a narrow north-south width, has been basically determined. The wall of the wall is 40 meters wide. However, although such walls are magnificent, they do not possess defensive functions. Besides, there are other buildings within the city walls. Where are they?
What is even more puzzling is that the follow-up of Sanxingdui Culture suddenly broke. Where did it originate and where did it come from? Since 2013, there have been major discoveries in Sanxingdui archaeology. It will provide answers to the above questions.
Timeline
Spring of 1929
A fine jade piece was discovered by local farmer Yan Daocheng.
1933
Ge Weihan, an American professor at West China University, and his assistant Lin Mingjun excavated Sanxingdui for the first time.
in 1980
Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Sichuan Provincial Museum, and History Department of Sichuan University jointly conducted large-scale archaeological excavations on the Sanxingdui site, discovered a large number of houses and carried out aerial photography.
1986
The discovery of the large sacrificial pits of the Shang Dynasty and the excavation of thousands of national treasures in the two pits shocked the world.
year 2013
The site of a large-scale monolithic building next to the Yin Ruins appeared in Sanxingdui, with the appearance of ivory, jade husks and stone sarcophagus. It was guessed as a “palaceâ€, “altar†or “treasuryâ€.
February 2014
Archaeological experts at the Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology speculated that the base address of the Shang-Mei monomer building discovered in Sanxingdui in 2013 was the location of the “Palace Zone†of the Sanxingdui Kingdom.
"Asian" shaped monolithic buildings allow domestic archeologists to gather
In January 2013, the site of a monolithic building next to the Yin Ruins appeared before the archaeologists of Sanxingdui. It is a palace, an altar, and a government warehouse. With the appearance of ivory, jade and stone sarcophagus, they shocked. Excited, the “Ancient Palace†appeared! The news spread that more than 30 archaeologists in China gathered at Sanxingdui. After an on-site survey and demonstration, no answer was given.
One year later, the Sichuan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology disclosed on February 26 this year that during the excavation work of the Sanxingdui site in 2013, the archeological experts had guessed that the site of the Shang Dynasty monolithic building was Sanxingdui. "Palace area" location.
According to reports, the base site of this single building is in the shape of "Asia". There are ivory in the base site, there are jade cymbals and stone rakes.
“On December 16th, 2012, we cleared the basement group of the large-scale buildings in Qingguan Mountain. The appearance of the site of a single building was shocking to me.†Associate Professor Lei Yu, Sichuan Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology It is said that this is a large-scale red-burned earth building site. The plane is roughly rectangular. It is in the northwest-southeast direction. It is in the same direction as Sanxingdui City Site and No. 1 and No. 2 ceremonial pits. It is about 55 meters long, 15 meters wide, and has an area of ​​nearly 900 square meters. There is a doorway on both the east and west sides of the meter, "preliminarily presumed to consist of 6 to 8 positive chambers, divided into two rows and distributed symmetrically along the middle corridor."
“This is the largest single building site next to Yinxu and the first site of such a large-scale monolithic building discovered in the South,†Thunderstorm said.
Exploration shows that the entire Qingguan Mountain soil station is made of artificial ramming. The existing area is about 16,000 square meters, of which the second stage platform has an existing area of ​​about 8,000 square meters, and the platform is likely to be the Sanxingdui Kingdom for a long period of time. The location of the "Palace Area".
“It was very shocking and very exciting. This is the largest harvest and breakthrough since the discovery and excavation of the sacrificial pits No. 1 and No. 2 in Sanxingdui in 1986.†Standing on the site of this archeological exploration, Professor of History and Culture of Sichuan University, The archeologist Lin Xiang said with emotion.
“Ivory may be used in worship, but it is not easy to explain it.†Lin Xiang said, “The discovery of this building’s site further corroborates my formulation of the year. This is the oldest. The capital city is the source of ancient civilization."
It is even more significant that experts have initially confirmed the two new Sanxingdui rammed earth walls at the Sanxingdui site in the northern part of the Sanxingdui site, making the walls of the Sanxingdui ancient city from the original 5 to 7 Sections and outer cities are also becoming complete due to the “North City Wallâ€. In addition, a number of ancient waterways were found within the city site.
Experts believe that this will inevitably promote the construction process and settlement layout of the ancient city, and advance the understanding of the artificial water system in Sanxingdui Ancient City and its relationship with natural water systems. At the same time, it also consolidated the status of the Sanxingdui site as a core area of ​​civilization in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River.
Archaeologists found that although there is a row of suspected “pillars†relics densely distributed inside and outside the basement of the building, no “inner pillars†have been found as bearing supports.
"How to solve the support problem? This is still a mystery." Sun Hua, professor of the School of Archeology and Literature at Peking University, pointed out that general buildings should have inner columns within 4 meters. The building's north-south span (width) is about 15 meters, but there is no internal Obvious column hole.
Lei Xingshan, professor of the Institute of Archaeology and Literature at Peking University, pointed out that it may be similar to the method used to dig pits and refilling the ground in Wangjing Building Summer Mall Wall Ruins and Yin Ruins. The inclined wall is used as the supporting wall.
At present, Sanxingdui has discovered the "city wall" and there are suspected "palaces". However, high-grade cemeteries or royal tombs have not yet been discovered. There are still more mysteries waiting to be solved.
Extended reading:
Fukui said: Collection of documents, property and weapons
Prof. Liu Xu from the School of Archaeology and Literature at Peking University stated his point: “This city building is not the same as a luxury palace and it is inconsistent with ordinary architecture. The middle part is an aisle and is open to the east and west. It may be a government warehouse, collecting documents and weapons and weapons. local."
Professor Sun Hua of Peking University’s Department of Archaeology and Literature, believes that the building’s base location is similar to that of the city. It is similar to Jinsha’s and sits in the northwest and southeast. It was thought to be a courtyard. A closer look is a single building. The general building is 4 meters. There is a need for an inner column, "but it is about 15 meters wider. How do you solve the support problem? This is also a mystery."
Sacrificial offerings: Sacrificial supplies are representatives of the royal family
Zhang Shurong, a professor at Shaanxi Normal University, put forward different views. "It is estimated that it is used for sacrifices." The things related to the sacrificial offerings found here are more complete. Look at Pits 1 and 2, and unearthed so many ritual supplies. "It and Sacrificial offerings are related because ivory and jade are found, so they tend to be more appropriate for the altar."
"Basically, it is not a palace. It should be a sacrifice."
Li Boqian, the chief scientist and famous archeologist of the “Scholarship of Xia, Shang, Zhou Dynasties†project, said: “Even the sacrifice architecture is used by the highest authority in the city, and it is also the representative of the king power.â€
Conjecture: From Lushan disappeared in the earthquake
Archaeological discoveries of Sanxingdui site culture date from 4800 to 2800 and lasted for nearly 2000 years, that is, from the late Neolithic period to the beginning of Shang Dynasty, which pushed the history of Sichuan forward for more than 1,000 years.
The Sanxingdui Ancient City is also confirmed to exist. Its east, west and south are surrounded by three walls, and the duck is a natural barrier in the north. Its area exceeds 3 square kilometers. Such a large ancient city is also rare in China's contemporary culture.
Well, the ancient Sanxingdui people living here, where did they come from? Some scholars painted the following scenes:
When the earthquake took place in the Songshan Mountains, the mountainous collapsed boulders fell and the home of a tribal family living in the mountains was instantly destroyed. They had to clan their families to move in the water, lived by the water, and settled in Sanxingdui City.
In order to thank God for his gifts and patronage, the people of this tribe began to worship the heavens, and a piece of artifact rituals was made. One by one, the sacrificial platforms were erected. The heavenly spirits were erected at the highest place of the altar and the golden shaman was They danced in prayer and the tribal leaders prayed devoutly.
Two thousand years have passed and suddenly one day, a major earthquake visited again. The peaceful life of the tribal people for more than two thousand years was once again broken, shaking the earth, causing buildings to collapse, and even causing deaths and injuries to humans and animals.
“God ah, why do we let you come to worship you in such a sincere manner?†The leader of the tribe led the wizards to the highest altar and watched the heavenly tree that fell down and fell apart in the earthquake. , Fu fell to the ground, burst into tears.
The tribal leaders issued orders. “Since the gods have not blessed us, these things will be useless. We will simply bury them and we will leave this sad place.â€
Although these are all speculations, but after about 2,800 years, in 1986, Sanxingdui discovered two large sacrificial pits. The two pits were unearthed with thousands of national treasures. They were all broken. According to archeological experts, these artifacts were buried in the pit after being damaged by humans. Some scholars have pointed out that this is a "burial of the malfunctioning fetishism."
As for the one-by-one mention of Lushan, most scholars believe that the stone funerary culture in the upper reaches of the Minjiang River is closely related to Sanxingdui, and its main residents may be Yanxiong from the northwest of Sichuan and the upper reaches of the Minjiang River.
These can also be found in some of the artifacts excavated in Sanxingdui, such as sheep-shaped objects and sheep's head jewelry, jade and so on. Some scholars have suggested that the original creator of the shackles should be a monk, whose conception is based on the "Daiyue" worship of the Yi ethnic group. The inspiration of the model is inspired by the shape of a monk in the Hongshan jade culture. The worship of sheep is still maintained by the monks.
unsolved puzzle
The ancient city of Sanxingdui is a seat of worship city?
Sanxingdui, why not have weapons?
Many artifacts such as the jade axe and Yu Ge were unearthed in the sacrificial pit of Sanxingdui. However, because jade products are fragile and have no lethality, they do not have the conditions to become weapons.
In fact, if we compare the jade gems and jade axe unearthed in Sanxingdui with many bronze weapons, it is not difficult to find that these jade gems and jade axes were actually made according to the prototypes of weapons. The reason why this bronze weapon was not found at the site of the Sanxingdui sacrificial memorial can only be explained by the fact that within the scope of the sacrificial station, soldiers armed with weapons are not required to guard. Even nobles and high-class people cannot bring arms before they come to the sacrificial platform.
This kind of regulation is not only at Sanxingdui, but also at all religious activities nowadays. People who pray and pray to the gods, when they walk into temples, mosques, or churches, are absolutely not allowed to bring weapons inside. This may be the reason why there were no weapons found in the sacrificial pits of Sanxingdui and its surroundings.
Among the many sacrificial offerings unearthed from Sanxingdui, it can be seen that at the time of Sanxingdui, theocracy was above the royal authority. Sanxingdui, as a religious center of theocracy, has no natural weapons.
Sanxingdui, why there is no text?
In ancient Sichuan, there were no texts, or the symbols on some artifacts were patterns or texts, which are still debated by scholars today. There is no text on the artifacts unearthed in Sanxingdui. But the ancient monks have some symbolic patterns that seem to have special meaning.
As the gold staff of the Staff of Staff, the body was engraved with exquisite and mysterious ornaments, two opposite birds, two opposite fish, and an arrow at the head of the fish and the neck of the bird. At the same time, there are people with a mysterious smile.
The symbols on the golden canes and other artifacts are text, a crest, a picture, or a religious symbol.
We can see many symbolic patterns on the weapons of the deaf people after the Sanxingdui culture. They are no longer simple patterns. Professor Li Xueqin, a professor at Tsinghua University and a famous historian, pointed out that the so-called saying that the deaf people have no words is because the ancient Chinese thought that the words refer to the system of Chinese characters, and what the deaf people used may not be Chinese characters.
Why Sanxingdui suddenly disappeared?
Although the earthquake has caused the “sudden†disappearance of Sanxingdui culture, it is only a hypothesis, but some experts have suggested that the sudden disappearance of Sanxingdui “can only be a large earthquake that will cause massive destruction of people and materials in an instantâ€.
Lin Xiang, a professor at Sichuan University, suggested that the sudden disappearance of Sanxingdui culture was due to floods, which had many advantages and advantages in terms of water, but could also be devastating when floods came. But so far, archaeologists have not found traces and physical evidence of flooding at the Sanxingdui site.
Of course, some experts pointed out that the demise of Sanxingdui was due to war disasters and invasions by foreign tribes. As a result, the regime changed. A tribal or regime in charge of advanced civilization became a captive or slave. Therefore, they destroyed all the previous civilizations and buried them. However, the archeological work of the Sanxingdui site has been carried out for nearly a hundred years. People did not discover the weapons of the same period. Some were only jade axes and jade gems. They were called "gifts."
Although the mystery of disappearance has not been resolved, the discovery of the Jinsha site about 100 miles south from Sanxingdui site seems to answer the question of where the Sanxingdui culture is heading.
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