Table of Contents
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) refers to the amount of oxygen dissolved in water, which is crucial for the survival and development of aerobic microorganisms. A typical DO level in water ranges from 8 to 10 ppm. Maintaining an appropriate DO level ensures efficient biological degradation of organic matter. If DO levels are too low, anaerobic bacteria may dominate, affecting the treatment process and causing unpleasant odors.
Controlling DO helps optimize the performance of the biological treatment system and reduces the risk of secondary pollution.
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) measures the amount of oxygen required by microorganisms to break down organic matter in water over a specific period. High BOD levels indicate significant organic pollution, commonly found in domestic and industrial wastewater. Reducing BOD after treatment is a sign that the wastewater has been properly cleaned before discharge.
> Read more: How to treat BOD in wastewater?
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand) measures the amount of oxygen needed to oxidize organic and inorganic substances in water. It is a critical parameter for assessing the pollution level of wastewater. COD is often used to measure total pollutants, including those difficult to biodegrade. According to QCVN 24:2009 BTNMT, industrial wastewater should have a COD concentration below 100 mg/L before discharge.
Reducing COD ensures that wastewater is sufficiently treated to avoid adverse effects on receiving water sources.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
TSS (Total Suspended Solids) refers to the total amount of suspended solids in water, such as soil, sludge, and organic particles. High TSS levels can significantly impact aquatic ecosystems. Excessive TSS causes turbidity, reduces light penetration, and affects photosynthesis in aquatic plants. It also reduces dissolved oxygen, harming organisms like fish and shrimp. Controlling TSS through sedimentation and mechanical filtration helps improve water quality and protect equipment.
Effective control of TSS improves water clarity, protects machinery, and meets environmental standards.
Oils and Fats
Oils and fats are non-water-soluble substances that appear in domestic and industrial wastewater. They can cause clogging in pipelines and interfere with microbial activity and equipment. According to QCVN 14:2008/BTNMT, the maximum allowable oil and fat content in wastewater varies depending on the discharge destination. Oil separators are effective solutions for controlling this parameter, protecting systems, and enhancing treatment efficiency.
Nitrogen
Nitrogen exists in various forms, such as ammonia (NH3), nitrate (NO3-), and nitrite (NO2-). It is commonly found in domestic wastewater. If not properly treated, nitrogen can lead to water pollution, especially eutrophication.
Phosphorus
Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for bacteria but can cause environmental pollution if present in excess. High phosphorus levels promote algae growth, leading to eutrophication. Controlling phosphorus in wastewater helps prevent ecological imbalance and long-term pollution.
Proper phosphorus management is crucial for protecting water resources and preventing long-term contamination.
Turbidity
Turbidity occurs when suspended particles like sand, silt, and organic matter scatter light, making water appear cloudy. The standard for drinking water is 2 NTU. High turbidity can hinder disinfection and affect aesthetics. Reducing turbidity improves water quality and enhances the effectiveness of disinfection processes.
> Read more: Coagulant PAC helps settle suspended particles
Color
Wastewater color is often caused by organic compounds or dyes from industries, especially textile dyeing. Color not only affects aesthetics but may also contain harmful substances. According to QCVN 40:2011/BTNMT, the maximum allowable color for industrial wastewater depends on the discharge category. Advanced filtration and specialized chemicals help remove color effectively.
pH
pH measures the acidity or alkalinity of water on a scale from 0 to 14. Microorganisms in wastewater treatment systems thrive best between pH 6.5 and 8.5. Maintaining a neutral pH around 6.8 to 7.2 optimizes the efficiency of biological and chemical processes.
> Learn more: How to test the pH of water accurately at home
Temperature
Temperature is a critical parameter in wastewater monitoring. It affects the rate of chemical reactions and the activity of microorganisms during treatment. Optimal temperatures for biological processes range from 20 to 30°C. Extreme temperatures can disrupt microbial activity.
Salinity
Salinity measures the amount of dissolved salts in wastewater. High salt concentrations can affect biological treatment and harm natural environments. Industries such as food and aquaculture must carefully manage salinity to protect the environment and optimize biological processes.
Electrical Conductivity
Electrical Conductivity (EC) indicates the ability of water to conduct electricity, directly related to the concentration of dissolved ions. It is measured in microsiemens per centimeter (µS/cm). Pure water has almost no conductivity, while water with high ion content has higher EC values. Monitoring EC helps detect the presence of inorganic pollutants and assess treatment effectiveness. This is essential to ensure wastewater meets discharge standards.
Controlling and monitoring these key parameters in wastewater treatment is essential to ensure environmental and human health safety. Song Phu Nghe Water Industry Equipment is committed to supporting businesses in optimizing wastewater treatment processes and meeting quality standards. Contact us today for expert advice on the most effective wastewater treatment solutions!
> You might be interested: Common wastewater treatment bacteria
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